Sickle Cell Disease (ScD) is a group of inherited blood disorders caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene, leading to the production of abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS). This causes red blood cells to become rigid, sticky, and crescent- or"sickle"-shaped. These misshapen cells can block blood flow, leading to severe pain crises, anemia, organ damage, and increased infection risk. The disease is chronic and lifelong, with symptoms often appearing in early childhood. While most common in people of African descent, it also affects those from Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Indian regions. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and in some cases, curative options like bone marrow transplantation.

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